LXD OpenVSwitch and VLANs

LXD is a fantastic container virtualization tool that comes by default with Ubuntu. In one of my applications I needed to have many containers each within it’s own VLAN network.
So I used OpenVSwitch in combination with LXD to achieve this.

There is no inherent facility in LXD to provide VLAN tag numbers to the interface. So it is necessary to use a “Fake bridge”. I managed to do it after reading this article by Scott – VLANs with Open vSwitch Fake Bridges

Let’s say the OpenVSwitch bridge is named vm-bridge and we want to add 10 fake bridges ranging from VLAN 20 to 30. Here’s how I did it:

for i in $(seq 20 30); do
ovs-vsctl add-br vlan$i vm-bridge $i
done

for i in $(seq 20 30); do

ovs-vsctl add-br vlan$i vm-bridge $i

done

In LXD you can specify the bridge to which it will connect containers to, so I created 10 containers using a similar loop 😀
Further to bind each container to the fake bridge this step is needed:

for i in $(seq 20 30); do
lxc config device set ct$i eth0 parent vlan$i
done

for i in $(seq 20 30); do

lxc config device set ct$i eth0 parent vlan$i

done

July 5, 2019 2

You can no longer count on reliability of budget smartphones or Android One

The story here is about my bad experience with a Nokia 7 Plus smartphone which is a certified Android One device.

I have been using Android over the last 7-8 years or so, and like every geek out there I was involved in flashing custom ROMs and tracking XDA forums for new builds. I even had one of the best phones suited for this purpose – The LG Nexus 4.

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June 22, 2019 0

A small review of JBL E65BTNC

In 2016, I came across a nice deal for an on-ear headphone – The Motorola Tracks Air. It was selling on Flipkart for ₹2500. That was steal deal, considering the original price is ₹8990. I used it for on and off for quite some time but the on-ear type meant it started hurting my ears when using them for more than 30 minutes. So gradually the usage waned off and I stopped using it. Usually I do not buy new stuff unless the previous one I have is completely dead, this is especially true in case of electronics. Because of the online shopping deals it’s very easy to accumulate unnecessary junk. Just like that due to impulsive purchases without much thought I have a few electronic junk lying around which is in pristine condition not used even a single time.

In order to get rid of the Tracks Air headphones which I had, I tried putting an ad for it on OLX India site which is a famous marketplace for pre-owned stuff. I have successfully sold quite a lot of things on the platform and even bought a few. But for some reason people didn’t seem to be interested in this headphone at any price, so I gave it to someone I knew and didn’t have any headphone for free. At least something lying in my junk is useful to someone.

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June 16, 2019 0

Maintain lead acid batteries regularly

Thursdays are usually maintenance day for the electrical power supply company in my area. So there was nearly a full day power cut. Luckily, I have a UPS so that sorts out the problem for 8-9 hours. The lead acid battery I use for my UPS is about 3-4 years old, and these being unsealed batteries they last long, really long if maintained properly.

In the past I have had one such battery last for a decade before requiring a replacement.

Unsealed lead acid batteries require two important maintenance activities:

Topping up distilled water every 6 months
Applying petroleum jelly / grease on the terminals to prevent corrosion

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June 13, 2019 0

Tree plantation – Wild Almond

Tree plantation has always been a thing I wanted to do & has been in my to-do list for the last couple of years. This year I started with the first tree, a Wild Almond. Somebody gifted it to my mom on World Environment Day, 5th June 2019.

Here’s how it looks as before and after plantation:

There were little bit of pre-monsoon showers yesterday evening so the soil was a bit soft, but there were lot of stones underneath, my Khurpa (the weeding tool) has it’s nose bent due the impact against stones while digging.

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June 8, 2019 0

Ubuntu 18.04 add e1000e Intel driver to dkms

e1000e is an Intel NIC driver which often needs to be updated on servers so that the NIC can operate trouble free.

Note: I assume you have DKMS and the necessary kernel headers to compile the drivers already installed. If not use apt / apt-get to install the same.

Here’s a quick guide on how to add the Intel e1000e driver to DKMS (Dynamic Kernel Module Support) so that it gets installed / uninstalled automatically with future kernel updates and removals.

Download the driver from Intel website https://downloadcenter.intel.com/download/15817

As of my writing this article, the e1000e version is 3.4.2.1. On download the tarball I get e1000e-3.4.2.1.tar.gz.

Extract it to /usr/src:

tar -xzf e1000e-3.4.2.1.tar.gz -C /usr/src

1	tar -xzf e1000e-3.4.2.1.tar.gz -C /usr/src

Create a dkms.conf in /usr/src/e1000e-3.4.2.1 with following contents:

PACKAGE_NAME="e1000e"
PACKAGE_VERSION="3.4.2.1"
AUTOINSTALL=yes
MAKE[0]="make -C src/"
BUILT_MODULE_NAME="e1000e"
BUILT_MODULE_LOCATION="src/"
DEST_MODULE_LOCATION="/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/e1000e"

PACKAGE_NAME="e1000e"

PACKAGE_VERSION="3.4.2.1"

AUTOINSTALL=yes

MAKE[0]="make -C src/"

BUILT_MODULE_NAME="e1000e"

BUILT_MODULE_LOCATION="src/"

DEST_MODULE_LOCATION="/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/e1000e"

Next, we have to tell DKMS that such a module has been added and build it for each of the kernels we have on the system:

dkms add -m e1000e/3.4.2.1
for k in /boot/vmlinuz*; do
  dkms install -k ${k##*vmlinuz-} e1000e/3.4.2.1
done

dkms add -m e1000e/3.4.2.1

for k in /boot/vmlinuz*; do

dkms install -k ${k##*vmlinuz-} e1000e/3.4.2.1

done

Finally, reboot the system and the new module should be live.

May 25, 2019 3

Date range in a MariaDB query using the Sequence Engine

One of my applications involved generating a date-wise report for items created on that day and we needed zeroes against the count of items on the date which had no entries.

User selects a date range and the application must generate this report. Not so easy if I had not come across the MariaDB Sequence Storage Engine!

Sequences have long been good features in databases like Oracle, PostgreSQL and the likes, I absolutely had no idea of it’s existence in MariaDB — just came across it while browsing the documentation of MariaDB.

Here’s a sample of my use case:

MariaDB [test]> create table items (id int unsigned primary key auto_increment, date_created datetime not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.061 sec)

MariaDB [test]> insert into items (date_created) values ('2019-01-01'), ('2019-01-05'), ('2019-01-06'), ('2019-01-06'), ('2019-01-01'), ('2019-01-10'), ('2019-01-09'), ('2019-01-09'), ('2019-01-09');
Query OK, 9 rows affected (0.032 sec)
Records: 9  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [test]> select * from items;
+----+---------------------+
| id | date_created        |
+----+---------------------+
|  1 | 2019-01-01 00:00:00 |
|  2 | 2019-01-05 00:00:00 |
|  3 | 2019-01-06 00:00:00 |
|  4 | 2019-01-06 00:00:00 |
|  5 | 2019-01-01 00:00:00 |
|  6 | 2019-01-10 00:00:00 |
|  7 | 2019-01-09 00:00:00 |
|  8 | 2019-01-09 00:00:00 |
|  9 | 2019-01-09 00:00:00 |
+----+---------------------+
9 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [test]> select date(date_created), count(id) from items group by date(date_created);
+--------------------+-----------+
| date(date_created) | count(id) |
+--------------------+-----------+
| 2019-01-01         |         2 |
| 2019-01-05         |         1 |
| 2019-01-06         |         2 |
| 2019-01-09         |         3 |
| 2019-01-10         |         1 |
+--------------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [test]>

MariaDB [test]> create table items (id int unsigned primary key auto_increment, date_created datetime not null);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.061 sec)

MariaDB [test]> insert into items (date_created) values ('2019-01-01'), ('2019-01-05'), ('2019-01-06'), ('2019-01-06'), ('2019-01-01'), ('2019-01-10'), ('2019-01-09'), ('2019-01-09'), ('2019-01-09');

Query OK, 9 rows affected (0.032 sec)

Records: 9 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

MariaDB [test]> select * from items;

+----+---------------------+

| id | date_created |

+----+---------------------+

| 1 | 2019-01-01 00:00:00 |

| 2 | 2019-01-05 00:00:00 |

| 3 | 2019-01-06 00:00:00 |

| 4 | 2019-01-06 00:00:00 |

| 5 | 2019-01-01 00:00:00 |

| 6 | 2019-01-10 00:00:00 |

| 7 | 2019-01-09 00:00:00 |

| 8 | 2019-01-09 00:00:00 |

| 9 | 2019-01-09 00:00:00 |

+----+---------------------+

9 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [test]> select date(date_created), count(id) from items group by date(date_created);

+--------------------+-----------+

| date(date_created) | count(id) |

+--------------------+-----------+

| 2019-01-01 | 2 |

| 2019-01-05 | 1 |

| 2019-01-06 | 2 |

| 2019-01-09 | 3 |

| 2019-01-10 | 1 |

+--------------------+-----------+

5 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [test]>

After a couple of attempts with the samples provided in the MariaDB documentation page, I managed to devise a query which provided me exactly what I needed, using SQL UNION:

MariaDB [test]> select dt, max(cnt) from ( select cast( date_add('2019-01-01', interval seq day) as date ) dt, 0 cnt from seq_0_to_11 union select cast( date(date_created) as date ) dt, count(id) cnt from items where date(date_created) between '2019-01-01' and '2019-01-11' group by date(date_created) ) t group by dt order by dt;
+------------+----------+
| dt         | max(cnt) |
+------------+----------+
| 2019-01-01 |        2 |
| 2019-01-02 |        0 |
| 2019-01-03 |        0 |
| 2019-01-04 |        0 |
| 2019-01-05 |        1 |
| 2019-01-06 |        2 |
| 2019-01-07 |        0 |
| 2019-01-08 |        0 |
| 2019-01-09 |        3 |
| 2019-01-10 |        1 |
| 2019-01-11 |        0 |
| 2019-01-12 |        0 |
+------------+----------+
12 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [test]> select dt, max(cnt) from ( select cast( date_add('2019-01-01', interval seq day) as date ) dt, 0 cnt from seq_0_to_11 union select cast( date(date_created) as date ) dt, count(id) cnt from items where date(date_created) between '2019-01-01' and '2019-01-11' group by date(date_created) ) t group by dt order by dt;

+------------+----------+

| dt | max(cnt) |

+------------+----------+

| 2019-01-01 | 2 |

| 2019-01-02 | 0 |

| 2019-01-03 | 0 |

| 2019-01-04 | 0 |

| 2019-01-05 | 1 |

| 2019-01-06 | 2 |

| 2019-01-07 | 0 |

| 2019-01-08 | 0 |

| 2019-01-09 | 3 |

| 2019-01-10 | 1 |

| 2019-01-11 | 0 |

| 2019-01-12 | 0 |

+------------+----------+

12 rows in set (0.001 sec)

Yeah, that’s basically filling in zero values for the dates on which there were no entries. Can this be done using RIGHT JOIN? I tried to but couldn’t form a JOIN condition. If you know drop a comment!

May 21, 2019 0

Multi-WAN DNS in pfSense

Update: I later figured out there are many other places pfSense restarts Unbound, so this is simply not worth the effort. I reversed the changes & moved Unbound to another box and using just DNS forwarder on pfSense — which is used by the Unbound server.

Having multiple broadband connections at home, I have a pfSense which takes care of load balancing and firewalling. pfSense is pretty good in almost everything, except one thing that was annoying me a lot — That it restarted the DNS Resolver (Unbound) every time either of my WAN connections restarted (one of my ISPs restarts the connection periodically), and the traffic originating from the box itself cannot be load balanced across multiple connections due to a limitation in FreeBSD’s implementation of pf itself – it is unable to set the correct source address.

It’s quite annoying that – even when you use the forwarding mode of Unbound, your DNS still goes through a single WAN interface. Moreover, Unbound doesn’t seem to do parallel querying across DNS servers. So if you have listed multiple DNS servers as forwarders it will try them one by one as they fail. Suppose, the WAN interface from which DNS traffic is outgoing is running at full capacity – a download or somebody is streaming a video, then your browsing becomes slow as well – but the browsing itself may go through another WAN connection. Notably, for having a stable multi-WAN setup in pfSense – you have to use forwarding mode. The gateway switching for the box itself doesn’t work reliably in my experience, due to which I’ve had to face “host not found” error messages even when one of the connections was up.

Continue reading “Multi-WAN DNS in pfSense” →

May 6, 2018 0

Nilesh

LXD OpenVSwitch and VLANs

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You can no longer count on reliability of budget smartphones or Android One

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A small review of JBL E65BTNC

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Maintain lead acid batteries regularly

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Tree plantation – Wild Almond

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Ubuntu 18.04 add e1000e Intel driver to dkms

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Date range in a MariaDB query using the Sequence Engine

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Multi-WAN DNS in pfSense

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